The Lushan earthquake that occurred on April 20 in Southwest China's Sichuan province haspeople asking the age-old question: Can earthquakes be predicted? If not, are there anywarning signs, any unusual occurrences that suggest an earthquake is on the way? ThePeople's Daily reports.
Q: Is it possible to predict an earthquake?
A: Experts from Japan, the Chinese mainland and Taiwan generally agree that earthquakescannot be accurately predicted and forecasts are always proved wrong.
According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, given the current level of science andtechnology, earthquakes are very difficult - if not impossible - to predict with any accuracy.
Shinichi Sakai, a researcher at Tokyo University's Earthquake Research Institute, said, "We notonly do research to estimate the possible time, site and magnitude of a potential earthquake byanalyzing the seismic activity and other seismic precursors, but we also study the reasons andconditions of an earthquake and the possible problems may arise from it."
"Experts generally think earthquakes cannot be forecast at present," said Lu Wensheng, aprofessor from the Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Prevention at Shanghai'sTongji University.
"According to plate tectonic theory, an earthquake occurs when the earth's crust breaks underthe stress created by the constant movement and collision of the tectonic plates," Lu said. "However, movement and collisions happen constantly, so it is difficult to know when they willshape a big enough malposition to trigger an earthquake."
Chen Qunce, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences explained thatearthquake prediction is mainly restricted by technology at the detection level. State-of-the-artmonitoring systems cannot reach the depths in the earth's crust where earthquakes aretriggered. Modern science has yet to find any basic regularity to the processes that causeearthquakes.
Since earthquakes cannot be predicted, good earthquake-resistant construction is essential forhouses and buildings, said Guo Kaiwen, director of the Seismological Center of Taiwan'sweather bureau.
"Statistically, it is possible for someone or some agency to correctly forecast the Wenchuan,Yushu or Lushan earthquake, but there are much more incorrect predictions," says ZhaoKechang, a professor at Peking University's School of Geoscience and Space Science.
"There are numerous forecasts online every day," said Zhao. "Because of the large number ofpredictions, some of them now and then happen to be correct, and they are always over-hyped."
In Taiwan, earthquake predictions are not published for fear of causing public panic, accordingto Guo Kaiwen. "If they violate the rule, they will be warned and even fined with NT$200,000 to1 million ($6,785 to $33,927). But their forecasts can be sent to the Seismological Center."
"There were fewer predictions before the Sept 21, 1999 earthquake in Taiwan than usual," Guoadded.
China's Law of Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters also requires that allpredictions must be reported to the local earthquake prevention department. In addition, noagencies or individuals are allowed to make earthquake predictions public.
Q: Is Earthquake early warning and earthquake prediction the same thing?
A: No. Earthquake early warning broadcasts notification after an earthquake has occurred inorder to minimize possible losses.
"Earthquake early warning analyzes the difference in speed between the pressure and shearwaves (P-wave and S-wave). Once sensing the P-wave, it sends out alarms on the forthcomingdangers ahead of the arrival of the S-wave, which leads to strong shaking and causes greatdamages. That differs from earthquake prediction," explained a staff person at the JapanMeteorological Agency (JMA).
Japan's earthquake early warning mainly refers to Earthquake Early Warning (alert). As ofMarch 2012, Japan Meteorological Agency issues earthquake early warning alerts based ondata provided by the JMA's 235 seismographs and country's 850 high-sensitivity seismicobservation network built by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and DisasterPrevention. Japan is a country prone to earthquakes. Whenever people feel the earth shakethey can turn on the TV and get early warning alerts from the JMA.
When a devastating earthquake hit Japan on March 11, 2011, the earthquake early warningsystem provided the public with eight to 30 seconds to run for safety. The 27 trains running onTohoku Shinkansen high-speed rails stopped promptly and avoided possible derailments orworse.
Lu Wensheng said that it took more than 10 seconds for the Lushan earthquake to spread toChengdu. If there had been warnings through channels like the Internet and radio waves, someareas might have had warning.
Li Shan said that at present there is a pilot earthquake early warning system in Fujian provinceconsisting of 125 stations. Monitors for areas around China's capital city and Lanzhou ofGansu province are being implemented.
Guo Kaiwen said that the effectiveness of an earthquake early warning system is obvious fortsunamis. With 10 minutes warning, casualties from a tsunami could be reduced by 90 percent,he said. But Guo admits the warning system is not as good as people imagine it to be. "It doesnot leave enough time for people adjacent to the epicenter, and is useless for people in remoteareas."
"Of course, we cannot say that it is totally useless," he added. "If there is a precision surgicalprocedure scheduled 100 km away, it can be put off."
Q: Is it feasible to move buildings out of the seismic zones?
A: Relocation is possible in theory only. There are so many faults in Taiwan, for instance, that itis virtually impossible to completely move out the earthquake zone.
Some netizens suggest that in order to avoid earthquakes, people should move out of seismiczones. Lu Wensheng said, "Based on our current technical capacity, it's hard to accuratelypoint out the potential earthquake fault zones. Therefore, the reconstruction after anearthquake is mainly rehabilitation on original sites, and that is determined by a variety of socialfactors."
He said that an earthquake fault zone may stretch hundreds of miles and its width can rangefrom a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. As in the case of the Wenchuan earthquake,the fault zone was as long as 350 km, which was the chief cause of the huge amount of lossesincurred.
Guo Kaiwen said that the deadly earthquake that struck Taiwan on Sept 21, 1999, occurred inthe Chelungpu fault, which was more than 100 kilometers long beneath the Taichung basin,home to millions of people.
"There are a lot of faults in Taiwan, so it is impossible to avoid all of them, and people could notsimply move out for the reason of the earthquakes."
Shinichi Sakai said that for people living in the fault zones, we cannot tell them: "Please move toother places," but ask them to decide whether to relocate on their own.
Places battered by the earthquake and tsunami on March 11 in 2011 are facing risks of furtherdisasters. But even for people in these places, it is still rests upon them whether to relocatecollectively or not. The national and local government will subsidize on their relocation.
Q: Is it possible to predict earthquake by any abnormal occurrences?
A: It is difficult to prove that an abnormal occurrence before earthquake is actually related tothe earthquake itself.
According to Lu Wensheng, underground water or animals could behave abnormally beforeearthquake, but there is no scientific evidence to back it. Sometimes professionals collectevidence of unusual phenomenon when they monitor seismographic data. However, predictionscan't be made only upon the information. In-situ stress, underground temperatures and thespectral density of small earthquakes are also taken into consideration.
Are animals' abnormal behavior warning signs of an impending earthquake? Guo Kaiwen saidthere is an element of science to say yes. Most animals are sensitive so they may get a feelingwhen a fault rupture happens, which leads to an earthquake. "But you can't say an earthquakeis going to happen whenever animals behave abnormally," Guo added.
Staffs from Japan Meteorological Agency said any scientific evidence linking unusualphenomena of cloud and animals to earthquakes has not been found. Changes in water from adeep well, such as muddiness, might possibly be related to an earthquake. However, changesin water from shallow wells used for drinking water have no scientific connection withearthquake.
Shinichi Sakai told reporters there are different abnormal occurrences before an earthquakehappens, but it's difficult to prove these phenomena are warning signs of an earthquake.
Seismologists have yet to find a certain warning sign of an earthquake, said Zhao Kechang.
Q: What is the safest thing to do during an earthquake?
A: There is an online theory saying that it is safe to hide in the "Triangle of Life" when anearthquake happens. People in a building should seek shelter near solid items that will providea protective space formed when the walls and roof fall. It could save lives.
Lu Wensheng insists that the Triangle of Life is not always best, it depends on thecircumstances. For example, a bathroom or a kitchen should be suitable to form a Triangle ofLife, according to the theory. But it is dangerous – there may be electricity leakage from electricwater heaters in a bathroom, broken glass from windows or shattered mirrors, and gas mayleak in a kitchen. In the magnitude-7 quake which jolted Lushan, Sichuan province, housesconstructed by villagers were damaged seriously. There is no seismic fortification criteriaregulation on these houses at present, so it would be difficult to find a Triangle of Life in one ofthem. The Japan Meteorological Agency gives several suggestions for keeping safe duringan earthquake: Furniture should be fixed in a room; don't put anything that could fall over inbedroom. Know where your local earthquake shelters are. Don't panic when an earthquakehappens. Protect your head. Stay away from big furniture and hide under the sturdiest table.Live in a building with a seismic design.

No comments:
Post a Comment
You can write whatever you want, but technically, the precise mathematical-statistical forecast of earthquakes based on information about the behavior of wild and domestic animals, birds, fish, and individuals available from 1995, with the advent of social networking.